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A tree or shrub trained so that its branches grow in a flat pattern - against a wall or fence, on a trellis, along horizontal wires - an espalier may be formal and geometric or informal. 

An evergreen plant never loses all its leaves at one time. 

In popular usage, fertilize has two definitions.  To fertilize a flower is to apply pollen (the male element) to the flower's pistil (the female element) for the purpose of setting seed.  To fertilize a plant is to apply nutrients (plant food, usually referred to as fertilizer).

There is a wide selection of fertilizers for a variety of specified uses and with differing formulas.  There are granular types packaged in cartons and sacks and liquid ones in bottles. An understanding of the basic fertilizer types will clear the confusion and help you select a product that meets your plants needs.

A shallow box or tray used to start cuttings or seedlings is called a flat.

The most common type of frost occurs when low temperatures and humidity combined with clear, still nights cause surfaces (such as leaves or ground) to cool faster than the surrounding air, causing moisture to condense and freeze.  Depending on the species of plant, the time of year, and the condition of the plant, a frost may or may not damage it.  Because plants are actively growing in early fal and late spring, frosts at these times tend to be most damaging.

Groups of closely related plants belonging to the same family; the first word in a plant's botanical name

The sprouting of a seed is called germination.