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Thatch is a layer of dead stems that builds up beneath certain grasses and ground covers, reducing water and nutrient penetration.

Topiary is the technique of pruning and training shrubs and trees into formalized shapes resembling such things as animals or geometric figures.

Topsoil is the top layer of native soil, soil that is usually better for plant growth than what is beneath it.  The term is often also used to describe good soil sold at nurseries and garden supply stores.

The process of digging up a plant and planting it in another location is transplanting.   Transplanting is also sometimes used to describe planting from containers into garden soil or into larger pots.

A tuber is a fat underground stem from which a plant grows.  It's similar to a rhizome but it is usually shorter and thicker and doesn't lengthen greatly as it grows.   The world's most famous tuber is the potato.

Leaves that are striped, edged or otherwise marked with color different from the primary color of the leaf are described as being variegated.

This term is a name applied to a group of plants within a cultivated species that maintains its variety when propagated.

The mineral mica is heated and puffed up to form vermiculite - lightweight, sponge-like granules useful in conditioning container soils.  Vermiculite granules hold both water and air.

A wild plant that grows out of place and competes with garden plants for water, nutrients and space is a weed.